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Scientific illustration ...

Scientific drawing is not just an "exact representation of objects and concepts from the biological and physical sciences" as described by Hodges in 1989, but more precisely a "continuous dialogue with reality, shaping the message according to scientific interests, methods and technology [...] as well as available graphic and printing techniques" (Cerviño et al., 2015). It is not simply a matter of observing and reproducing, but of understanding what is being drawn in order to convey knowledge in a way that is appropriate to the target audience. The scientific illustrator's purpose is to "graphically and correctly translate" science to make it accessible.

This raises the question of the balance to be respected between artistic sensitivity and scientific rigour. A scientific illustration depends largely on the (scientific) context in which it is produced and, as a result, can represent content that is true at a given moment and false at t+1 with the constant evolution of knowledge. Nevertheless, the primary purpose of a scientific image remains to convey a scientific truth. But to do this, artistic skills are required in order to convey the most attractive message possible. Despite the expansion of technologies such as photography and digital drawing, it is above all the illustrator's talents and mastery of his/her/their tools that dictate the quality of the final result. The artist therefore uses his creativity and infuses his productions with what some call his 'aura'. From this idea stems the slogan that 'an image is never neutral', but rather results - in the case of scientific illustrations - from a compromise between scientific objectivity and the illustrator's (cultural) profile, which together shape the illustration itself, and by extension, shape its interpretation.

Morphological plate of sorghum. 
 The sorghum grain in dorsal view (1) shows the germ (the scutellum and embryo), which is very pronounced in S. exsertum. The lateral (2a.), ventral (2b.) and basal (2c.) views show the hilum and the grain attachment scar in the spikelet. The raceme (3) of S. durra has broad, sessile, pedicellate spikelets with large globular grains and glumes that follow their shape. In lateral view (4) and apical view (5), the spikelet of S. exsertum has a grain framed by two long closed glumes.

... or natural sciences illustration ?

As contrasted with scientific drawing, naturalist illustration frees itself from scientific discourse and represents nature for what it is, without trying to extract meaning from it. That's why every naturalist work exists in its own right and doesn't need to be accompanied by an explanatory text. The aim is to show our vision of the living world using a (seemingly) wider choice of tools and graphic treatments. There's no need for a specific context or audience, it's all about what one sees and how one draws it.

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